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J. BAIRD. STEAM BOILER;

No. 437,745. Patented Oct. 7,1890.

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J. BAIRD. STEAM BOILER.

(No Model.)

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4 Sheets-Sheet 4. J. BAIRD. STEAM BOILER.

(No Model.)

Patented' Oct. 7, 1890.

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UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

JOHN BAIRD, on NEW YORK, Y.

STEAM-BOILER,

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 437,745, dated October7, 1890.

Application filed April 17, 1890. Serial No. 348,406. (No model.)

To all whom it may concern.-

Be it known that LJOHN BAIRD, mechanical engineer, a citizen of theUnited States, and a resident of the city, county, and State of NewYork, have invented certain new and useful Improvements inSteam-Boilers, of which the following is a specification.

My invention more especially relates to the boilers of stationarysteam-engines, and particularly to those of marine engines, in which itis essentially necessary to secure the highest attainablesteam-generating capacity within the smallest practicable compass andwith the lightest weight of material consistent with the necessity ofresisting strains I due not only to heat and steam pressure but to theworking of the vessel.

In the construction and operation of steamboilers economy of materialand fuel is secured by having a large part of the heatingsurface exposedto the direct action of the furnace-heat.

Cylindrical boiler-shells should be of small diameter to insure safetyin using high-pressure steam. The limited area of such small shells,however, permits the use of a small number of fire-tubes only, and theuse of such tubes of the diameter and length generally used insteam-boilers would leave the area for draft and the surface exposed toheat each too small for the ordinary grate-surface.

It is the object of my invention to obviate these and otherdisadvantages in steam-boilers; to insure strength to stand a highpressure of steam, a thorough circulation of the water, and a superiorand economical combustion of material with less waste of material andWater and occupying less space than has heretofore been required forboilers of equal capacity. These ends I attain by combining with theother parts of a steam-boiler four cylindrical shells arranged asfollows: first, a horizontal lower shell containing firetubes and placeddirectly over the furnace; second, an upper shell directly over thelower one, connected therewith by vertical tubes, and, like the lowerone, also provided with fire-tubcssome above and some below the normalwater-level, which is at or slightly below the center of the boiler,thus leaving steam-room in its upper space; third, two intermediatesupplementary cylindrical shells,

also provided with fire-tubes and arranged on each side of and betweenthe upper and lower shells, the top of these supplementary shells beingabout or just below the normal water-level of the upper shell. Theorganization is such that the heat from the back connection returnsthrough the fire-tubes of both the lower and intermediate shells andthen passes back through the upper shell to the smoke-box. Beforeentering the back connection, however, the heat acts on that portion ofall the shells below the water-line. The increased fire-tube surfacecontained in these intermediate shells constitutes a valuable additionto the heating-surface; but the additional area for draft through thosetubes is not only a valuable addition but an essential addition to thearea for draft, without which the steam-generating capacity of theboiler would be very much restricted on account of inadequate area fordraft in pro portion to the grate -surface. Feed -waterheater pipes,around which the heat passes after escaping from the supplementaryshells, are arranged above them and on each side of the upper shell.

My improvements comprise, further, constructions and combinations ofinstrumentalities hereinafter specified.

My invention contemplates the use, in connection with my improvedboiler, of the most perfect apparatus of the present day. It istherefore unnecessary to describe in detail the construction of thevarious parts, such details, unless otherwise specified, being wellknown and constituting no part of the subject-matter herein claimed,which is specified at the end of this specification.

Steam-boilers embodying some of the details of construction andorganization hereinafter described are shown in the following UnitedStates Letters Patents, respectively granted to me as follows: No.334,156, dated January 12, 1886; No. 402,887, dated May 7, 1889;No.4:11,882, dated October 1, 1889, and No. 415,135, dated November 12,1889.

I do not of course claim herein anything shown in the above-mentionedpatents, except as embodied in my new combinations and organizations.

In the accompanying drawings, which represent so much of a steam-boilerembodying all my improvements in one form, and that the best known tome, as is necessary to illustrate the subject-matter hereinafterclaimed, Figure 1 represents a front elevation of two of myimprovedboilers side by side with the uptake or front casing removed from one ofthem; Fig. 2, a vertical longitudinal section therethrough on the line 22 of Figs. 1 and 4, looking to the left, with the uptake or casing inplace; Fig. 3, a similar section on the line 3 3 of the same figure,looking the same way; Fig. 4, a vertical transverse section through bothboilers on the line 4 at of,,Figs. 2 and 3, looking backward; Fig. 5, avertical longitudinal section through one of the feed-water heaters,illustrating its details; Fig. 6, a vertical transverse section throughthe feed- Water heater, looking forward, and showing its tubes insection; and Fig. 7, a similar view of its back head; Fig. 8, averticaltransverse section on the line 8 8 of Fig. 3, showing the details of thearched-head water-space C011. necting the back end of one of thesupplementary shells with the back head of the boiler; Fig. 9, avertical longitudinal section through a supplementary shell, showing amodification of this arched head, consisting of parallel tubes insteadof a continuous waterspace; Fig. 10, avertical transverse section on theline 10 10 of Fig. 9, further illustrating this modification; Fig.='11,a view in perspective of one of the sectional tubes of the lower shell,showing its detachable connection; Fig. 12, a vertical transversesection through the bottom sheet of the lower shell, showing the way inwhich the sectional fire-tubes are sup-' ported; Fig. 13, a plan view ofthe upper sheet of the lower boiler-shell, illustrating its connectionwith the upper shell; Fig. 14, a sectional detail illustrating the modeof connecting the brick-work with the front and back heads, and Figs. 15and 16 similar details of the connection between the brick-work andother parts-of the boiler.

The figures illustrating details are on an en- .larged scale.

fromwhich the products of combustion pass around and through the variouswater and fire tubes by way of the back connection A, front hood oruptake A smoke-box A and chimney or smoke-stack A The brick-work of theboiler will be hereinafter described.

The front head 0 and back head D are each made of two parallel plates ofmetal properly 1 stayed with a water-space between them. The

to thefurnace above the fire and simulta neously heating it by passingthrough the hot brick-work. The lower part of the back head D is linedinside with fire-brick D, like the front head. A stay D passing throughthe back head, has a screw-nut d on its outer end. The inner end of thestay-bolt passes into a recess in the brick-work and is held by a plated and nut (1 The stay-bolt D may or may not be hollow, as preferred.

Three series of water-tubes EE E go from the back to the front head.They may be either horizontal or inclined upward from back to front.These tubes are arranged alongside the side walls of the furnace, alsounder and alongside the lower shell, and also in the space between thelower shell and side walls. They 'are fastened to the inner plate of thefront head, and holes fitted with plugs e are made in the outside plateopposite each tube to allow for cleaning or taking out or putting in atube. These water-tubes pass through sleeves e, fitted water-tight inthe back head, and are supplied with water therefrom by small bent tubes6 This construction prevents any leakage from expansion or contractionof the water-tubes. The water-tubes E, which go under and alongside ofthe lower shell, usually lie so close together that when in placeentrance to the back connection would be prevented. I obviate thisdifliculty by making one or more of these tubes in two lengths orsections 6 a Fig. 11, one section extending from the front head of theback rear end of the front section is supported by a bracket E fittedand. fastened to the lower shell F. (See Fig. 12.)

The water-tubes E run along the sides of the furnace, close to andparallel with each other, but not contiguous. To prevent the exit offlame and hot gases between these tubes, a fire-brick wall Bis builtoutside of them, and backed on the outside with plates b, the joints ofwhich are covered by angleiron bars or plates 1), secured to the ends off the front head 0 and back head D by bolts and nuts. This construction,While not absolutely necessary in land engines; is very serviceable onboard ships exposed to rolling and pitching, as it prevents thedisplacement of the brick-work by the motion of the vessel.

The openings between the sides of theboiler and between the upper shelland the intermediate supplementary shells, are to be filled j withfire-brick and lute, as shown, or anysu'itable substance, so as toprevent the passage of the products of combustion exceptthrough theproper channels.

By the construction of this boiler with firebrick over and at the sidesof the furnace I secure a higher temperature than usual in steam-boilerfurnaces, thus insuring more perfect combustion and more effectiveheatingsurface.

The lower shell F rests on the front head and extends rearward to thefront end of the back connection, a suitable space A being left betweenthe back end of the lower shell and the back head to form the backconnection.

In order to insure an improved combustion by retaining the heat from theproducts of combustion, I cover the bot-tom of the lower shell withfire-bricks F, which extend around nearly one-half of the shell, andretain them in place by water-tubes E extending from the front to theback head. I fasten the firebricks to the shell in a manner similar tothat above described, and shown in Fig. 1G, to retain them properly inplace and permit of the withdrawal of a tube when necessary. The lowershell is filled with fire-tubes f, through which the products ofcombustion pass.

The upper shell G runs from the front end of the boiler over, close to,and parallel with the lower shell, with which it is connected atfrequent intervals by pipes g, Figs. 2 and 13, extends over the backconnection, and rests upon the back head, thus supporting the lowershell. The upper shell is likewise filled with fire-tubes g, throughwhich the products of combustion pass. This shell is normally abouthalf-full of water. Consequently its lower portion constitutes awater-space and its upper portion a steam-space. The lowest 9 of thefire-tubes of the upper shell lies directly over the openings or pipesg, connecting its water-space with that of the lower shell. Consequentlythe Water and steam rising through these openings strike against and aredeflected laterally by this tube. As their ascent continues theysuccessively strike against the upper tubes g and separate the steam andwater, the former being superheated in the upper part of the boiler,thus supplying dry superheated steam. A perforated steam-pipe G leadsfrom the upper part of this shell to the steam-pipes supplying theengine.

The intermediate supplementary shells H II are arranged on oppositesides of, parallel with, and in the spandrelrecesses between the upperand lower shell, their front ends being supported by the front head andtheir firetubes it running back to the front end of the back connection.An arched hood H having a water-space therein, connects the back ends ofthe fire-tubes with a downwardlyprojecting end or water-box 7L3, whichrests upon the top of the back head, thus supporting the back end of theintermediate supplementary shells. A bent water-tube h con.- nects thiswater-box and back head. (See Fig. 3.) Figs. 9 and 10 represent amodification in which the arched hood ll is shown as composed of aseries of pipes 7L2. Both forms of these arched hoods are to be coveredwith fire-brick or pottery, as shown in the drawings.

Small pipes htconneet the tops of the back ends of the supplementaryshells with the upper shell G, thus allowing any steam generated in theformer to escape into the latter. These pipes also serve for the passageof air in filling the boiler, as hereinafter described. Similar pipes gg connect the upper parts of the front and back heads, respectively,with the steam-room of the upper shell.

The sides of the boiler are run up to a level with the top of the uppershell, and the space between them is covered over by plate-iron or othersuitable material. The space thus inclosed forms a channel on each sideof the upper shell, into which the products of combustion from theuptake are discharged. This channel runs across the back end of theboiler and discharges into the smoke-pipe there.

Feed-water-heater pipes 71 i are arranged in the channels along side theupper shell and over the intermediate shells. These watertubes are shownas arranged in two sets divided horizontally and extending from thefront end of the uptake to the back end of the channel. A verticaltube-box I extends across each channel, being securely fastened inplace. The rear ends of the feed-waterheaterltubes t' t" are secured tothe front of this box, while their front ends are secured to twoseparate boxes I I, lying one above the other, the incoming tubespassing through one box and the outgoing ones through the other. Theseboxes are so secured in place as to prevent any movement vertically orlaterally relatively to the pipes, but are so arranged as to movebackward or forward to compensate contraction or expansion of the pipes.These pipes, being placed in the smoke-channels, are heated by theproducts of combustion just before their escape into the smoke pipe,thus economizing fuel and heating the feed-water.

The feed-water inlet is furnished with the usual check-valve M.

A safety-valve K, fitted on the upper side of each of the uppertube-boxes l at the front end of the side channels has itsdischargepipes k 75 connected with the steam-space of the upperboiler-shell, a pipe k connecting it with the feed-box 1. \Vhen theboiler is being filled with water, these safety-valves are opened toallow the air to escape. A blowotf pipe L is fitted to the lowertube-box at the front end of the boiler. \Vhen in operation, the feedcan be shut off and the blowoff and safety valves opened. A current ofsteam will then flow through the water-tubes in the channel and clearthem of sediment or scale.

The smoke-box is sometimes placed at the front end of the boilerdirectly over the uptake.

The uptake A of usual construction, is

' mon smoke-pipe.

fitted to the front end of the boiler, and the products of combustionfrom the fire-tubes of the lower and intermediate shells are dischargedinto it.

In batteries of two or more boilers the after channel runs across theirends to a com- In some cases a duplicate set of boilers and batteries isplaced with their back ends facing each set, discharging into a commonsmoke-pipe.

When the boilers are arranged in battery or side by side, one fire-brickwall B be tween them and their side pipes E, Fig. 4:, answers for eachpair of boilers and holds the pipes securely against any tossing of thevesset. These partition-walls I prefer to make of sufficient thicknessto inclose metal stanchions connecting the decks above and below theboilers, the thickness of the brickthe flame.

work protecting the stanchions from injury from the heat of the furnace.

The following is a description of the operation of the boiler: The waterin the front and back heads and in the tubes E E E in the furnace isheated by the direct action of The side tubes E are further heated byheat absorbed by and reflected from the side walls B. The tubes E aresimilarly heated. The fire-bricks F interposed between these tubes andthe bottom of the lower shell become highly heated and transmit theirheat to the lower shell. The products of combustion, after actingexternally on all the shells, pass up through the back connection andforward through the fire-tubes of the lower, upper, and intermediateshells tothe uptake in front, thence passing back around thefeed-water-heater tubes and the outside of the upper shell, and finallyescaping through the smoke-box at a much lower temperature thanordinary. The feed-water enters. the lower front tube-boxes I throughthe tubes'i and passes backward and forward in them through the channel,thence passing through the rear tube-boxes I into the upper tubes i, andthrough the front upper tube-boxes I and pipes 2' to the water-spaces ofthe intermediate shells, thence through the hood H head 72. and pipes hto the back head. Small pipes 6 connect the back. head with thewater-tubes E E E in the furnace, through which the water passes to thefront head, which is connected by suitable pipes f with the lower shell,thence passing through the connecting-pipes into the upper shell. Allthe steam generated passes through its proper channels, as indicated bythe arrows, into the steam-space of the upper shell.

It will be seen from the'foregoing description that the lower shell islocated centrally in the fire-box, so as to be exposed on all sides toits-heat, that the lower portion of the upper shell, or that portionbelow the waterline, as well as the tubes connecting the upper and lowershell, is likewise directly exposed tothe heat, and that theintermediate shells are also inclosed in the brick-work of the fireboxand similarly exposed. externally to its heat, the advantage of whichorganization will readily be understood. Another advantage incidental tothis improved organization is that the parts are compactly arranged,occupying a comparatively small space vertically, which is especiallyadvantageous in marine boilers.

The particular construction of feed-water heater herein shown anddescribed is not claimed herein, such apparatus being only claimedgenericallyin combination with other instrumentalities.

I claim as of my own invention- 1. The combination, substantially ashereinbefore set forth, of a furnace or fire-box, a back connection, afront hood, 2. central lower shell, an upper shell parallel therewith,wator-tubes directly connecting these shells, and an intermediate shellon each side of the lower shell below the water-line, all the shellsbeing provided with horizontal fire-tubes and the organization beingsuch that the products of combustion after impinging on the exterior ofall the shells return simultaneously to the front hood through the tubesof the lower and intermediate shells andthen escape in the reversedirection.

2. The combination, substantially as hereinbefore set forth, of afurnaceor tire-box, a central lower shell therein, an upper shell, water-tubesdirectly connecting them, intermediate shells in the spand-reI-recessesbetween and on opposite sides of the upper and lower shells below thewater-line, and horizontal fire-tubes filling all the shells, theorganization being such that all the shells are inclosed within thecasing of the fire-box and are exposed to the direct action of theproducts of combustion, which first act simultaneously upon the exteriorof the shells and then pass through the fire-tubes.

3. The combination, substantially as hereinbefore set forth, of thefurnace, the lower shell therein, and the fire-brick directly secured tothe outer surface of the bottom of the shell.

4. The combination, substantially as hereinbefore set forth, of thefurnace, the lower shell therein, the water-tubes surrounding the shell,and the fire-brick interposed between the tubes and shell and secureddirectly to the latter.

5. The combination, substantially as hereinbefore set forth, of thefurnace, the lower shell therein, the upper shell, the intermediateshells, and the water-tubes surrounding the lower shell.

6. The combination of the side walls of the furnace, its external platesb and angle-ironbars b, and its internal bracing water-tubes, thecombination being and operating substantially as hereinbefore set forth.

7. The combination, substantially as hereinbefore set forth, of thelower shell, the upper shell, the intermediate shells, thefurmace-walls, their internal bracing water-tubes, and the water-tubesinterposed between them and the lower shell.

8. The combination, substantially as hereinbefore set forth, of thelower shell, the upper shell, the intermediate shells, the firebricksecured to thelower shell, the furnacewalls, their bracing-tubes, thetubes surrounding the bottom of the lower shell, and the tubesintermediate between these tubes and the furnace-wall tubes.

9. The combination, substantially as hereinbefore set forth, of afire-box, a back connection, a front hood, a rear smoke-box, a firebox,a central lower shell therein, an upper shell, watertubes directlyconnecting these shells, intermediate shells in the spandrel-recessesbetween and on opposite sides of the upper and lower shells below thewaterline, and horizontal fire-tubes filling all the shells, theorganization being such that all the shells are inclosed within thecasing of the firebox and are exposed to the direct action of theproducts of combustion, which first act simultaneously upon the exteriorof all the shells on their way to the back connection, whence theyreturn simultaneously to the front hood through the tubes of the lowerand intermediate shells and again pass backward to the smoke-box throughthe tubes of the upper shell.

10. The combination, substantially as hereinbefore set forth, of thefire-box, its back head, a back connection, afront hood, a smokeboxprojecting beyond the back head, a boilershell between the backconnection and front hood, its fire-tubes terminating at the front ofthe back connection, a hood extending over the back connection to theback head, and pipes connecting said hood and head, the organizationbeing such that the products of combustion act upon both sides of thehood in passing from the back connection to the smoke-box.

11. The combination, substantially as hereinbefore set forth, of afire-box, a back connection, a front hood, a smoke-box projecting beyondthe back connection, a boiler-shell between the back connection and thefront hood, its fire-tubes, and feed-water-heater tubes in thesmoke-channel above the boiler-shell and projecting beyond it at eachend into the front hood and smoke-box, respectively.

12. The combination, substantially as hereinbefore set forth, of a lowershell, an upper shell, intermediate shells on opposite sides thereof,and feed-water-heater tubes above the irlilteimediate shells on eachside of the upper S e 1.7..

13. The combination, substantially as hereinbefore set forth, offeed-water-heater tubes, intermediate shells, a lower shell, an uppershell, and connecting-pipes through which the water fiows successivelyfrom the feed-waterheater tubes through the intermediate shells, thelower shell, and the upper shell, the upper part of which constitutesthe steam-space.

14. The combination, substantially as hereinbefore set forth, of afurnace containing water-tubes, a lower shell, the lower part of whichis surrounded thereby, an upper shell connected with the lower shell,intermediate shells on opposite sides of the upper and lower shells, andfeed-water-heater tubes on opposite sides of the upper shell above theintermediate shells.

15. The combination, substantially as hereinbefore set forth, of thefurnace, the front and back heads, and the central water-tubes having aremovable section in the back connection to permit access thereto.

16. The combination, substantially as hereinbefore set forth, of thelower shell, the sec tional water-tubes, and the brackets sustaining therear end of the fixed section.

17. The combination, substantially as hereinbefore set forth, of theheads of the steamboiler, their fire-brick lining, a stay-bolt passingthrough the head into a recess in the brickwork, and a holding-plate andclampnut-in said recess.

18. The combination, substantially as hereinbefore set forth, of ashell, its arched hood crossing the back connection, its water-box, theback head on which it rests, and a pipe connecting them. 19. Thecombination, substantially as hereinbefore set forth, of a boiler-shell,a waterbox, tubes connecting the shell and water-box and crossing theback connection, aback head on which the water-box rests, and a pipeconnecting them.

20. The combination, substantially as hereinbefore set forth, of asafety-valve, the feed water-heater-tube box connected therewith, andthe pipes connecting the safety-valve with the steam-space of theboiler.

21. The combination, substantially as hereinbefore set forth, of thelower shell, the upper shell, the pipe connecting them, and the lowerfire-tube of the upper shell, arranged directly over these pipes to actas a deflector.

In testimony whereof I have hereunto subscribed my name.

JOHN BAIRD. Witnesses:

A. J. BAIRD, ADDISON W. BAIRD.

